Nov 30 2009
Reading between the lines
There is a section in Comparing Formula Presentations: Five Steps to Differential Diagnosis in the Treatment of Cold Damage on formulas, presentation, and illness. Unlike the way Huang writes, the author of this book writes in a condensed, specific fashion and is very clear about where within the six warp the illness is located. The more I read it, the more there appears to be spaces to read between the lines. There are areas compact in meaning, but with pointers to other presentations which when combined together gives a three-dimensional texture to the illness and context in which it is found. Obviously, it is easier to formulate a more effective treatment when the one has a clear idea of what is being treated and the terrain in which it is found.
.
Let’s take a look at how the entry of a very simple little formula, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Aconiti Radix Decoction (gän jiäng fù zî täng), is written and use it to tease apart its associated presentation and illness, along with a read between a few of the lines.
| 方
乾薑附子湯 四逆湯,去甘草, 但頓服量較重,注意附子生用 證 裡陰/太陰 煩躁不寧 四逆湯證不急迫而虛寒較甚 |
症 | 不嘔- 無關與少陽證
不渴- 無關與陽明證 脈沉微,身無大熱,身冷, 四逆-太陰 無表證, 無關與表不解的煩躁 晝日煩躁不得眠,夜而安靜,- 陰寒極虛的煩躁, 不是虛煩而不眠的梔子豉湯證。 乾薑,附子: 溫中祛寒。乾薑偏主寒飲上逆;附子偏主寒飲下迫。而藥合用則溫徹上下,為溫中逐寒的重劑。 |
.
Formula: Zingiberis Rhizoma and Aconiti Radix Decoction (gän jiäng zhì fù zî täng) is Frigid Extremities Decoction (sì nì täng) with the Glycyrrhizae Radix (gän câo) removed, however the dosage [of each ingredient] is relatively larger. Note: unprepared Aconiti Radix lateralis (fù zî) is called for.
Presentation: Internal Yin/ Tai Yin Level
Irritability and restlessness with general disquiet. Non-acute Frigid Extremities Decoction (sì nì täng) presentation with relatively severe cold due to deficiency.
Disease:
No vomiting- this condition has no relation to a shao yang presentation.
No thirst- this condition has no relation to a yang ming presentation.
Deep and minute pulse with no significant heat in the body, the body feels cold with reversal cold of the hands and feet- Tai Yin Level
There are no exterior presentations; the irritability is not related to an unresolved exterior presentation. During the day the patient is irritable and unable to sleep, however in the night they calm down.** — This is extreme yin cold irritability, not the deficiency irritability with insomnia that is treated by Gardenia and Prepared Soybean Decoction (zhï zî chî täng).
** Line 61 of the Shang Han Lun:
For irritability and restlessness with inability to sleep during the day, but calm and quiet at night without vomiting or thirst, no exterior presentation, a sinking, faint pulse, and no great fever [in a patient] who has had sweating induced after purging, Ginger and Aconite Accessory Root Decoction Pill (gän jiäng fù zî täng) masters it
Zingiberis Rhizoma (gän jiäng) and Aconiti Radix lateralis (fù zî) warm the middle and eliminate cold. Zingiberis Rhizoma (gän jiäng) leans toward treating cold fluids rebelling upwards; Aconiti Radix lateralis (fù zî) more toward treating tenesmus due to cold fluids. Together these herbs warm above and below, it is an important prescription that warms the middle and eliminates cold.
.
Between the lines:
First looking at the formula, Frigid Extremities Decoction (sì nì täng) is made of three herbs, two that warm the interior and one that harmonizes. Not only is the harmonizer removed, but unprocessed Aconiti Radix lateralis ( fù zî) is called for as well. From this alone we know we are dealing with an internal presentation of severe cold.
Turning to the presentation, all the charts in this book specify which of the six warps are addressed by the formula. More interesting in my mind is that it also differentiates between external and internal yang, and external and internal yin. I see this as a way of helping us to further understand the character of the illness. In the case of Zingiberis Rhizoma and Aconiti Radix Decoction (gän jiäng fù zî täng) we are dealing with a problem at the inner yin aspect of the tai yin warp. What kind of illness is this? Judging from the herbs being used to treat it, it would appear it is an issue having to do with a profound depletion of the yang leading to severe internal cold.
For the sake of comparison let’s take a look at True Warrior Decoction (zhën wû täng). This formula treats illnesses that straddle the exterior yin aspect of the shao yin and interior yin aspect of the tai yin warps. Judging by the herbs that comprise this formula there are going to be issues of cold, pain and fluid metabolism. As there is an aspect of this illness presentation that touches on the shao yin, we can infer that there likely will be issues that relate to the kidney or heart. Indeed, issues of water metabolism are a key True Warrior Decoction (zhën wû täng) issue.
When prescribing herbs and going through the mental gymnastics required to find the right medicinals, it is useful to be able to rule out entire formula families, thereby being able to concentrate our attention on the realm of potentially beneficial herbs. Using the lack of symptoms is helpful here. In this case “no vomiting” and “no thirst” means we can disregard the shao yang and yang ming levels as the disease has no relation or connection those warps. There is something very elegant and clinically useful here, as it gives us a kind of shorthand for understanding a patient’s condition.
The next line describes a “sinking and minute pulse with no significant heat in the body, the body feels cold with reversal cold of the hands and feet” and then classifies this as a tai yin level condition. There are numerous conditions that could show with a sinking and minute pulse. Here it is the reversal cold of the hands and feet along with signs of internal cold that tips it into the tai yin level.
In discussing irritability and restlessness the author is using the vocabulary of context and presentation via the process of comparison. These symptoms can arise from a number of different etiologies. He is very clear that “there are no exterior presentations, so the irritability can not being coming from an unresolved exterior” more interesting is that “during the day the patient is irritable and unable to sleep, however in the night they calm down.” We often think of irritability being due to a condition of excess. Untold doses of Rambling Powder (xiäo yao sän), Frigid Extremities Powder (sì nì sân) and Bupleurum Powder to Dredge the Liver (chái hú shü gän sân) are prescribed for patients with irritability, however in this case not only has the exterior been ruled out, but we also know the illness has no connection with the shao yang warp either. The key here is that the patient is irritable in the day, but calms down at night. But, this is not the calm of contentment and wellbeing; it is they appear of calm due to severe depletion of the yang. During the daytime the patient’s depleted yang receives some assistance from the yang qi of the day. It gives them enough “oomph” to contend with the overwhelming yin cold of their condition, but they are seriously depleted and thus irritable and fussy. At night when the yin qi is ascendant they sink back into quiet and calm. This is a false condition of quiet, as the patient’s yang qi is extremely weak. Really they are more in a stuporous state than one of true calm.
The author goes further here and says that this irritability is one that is due to extreme yin and cold and is not a case of deficiency irritability that would be treated by Gardenia and Prepared Soybean Decoction (zhï zî chî täng). Again, we are seeing how comparison between presentations helps to clarify our clinical gaze. The author assumes the reader has the ability to decode a Gardenia and Prepared Soybean Decoction (zhï zî chî täng) presentation and know what that means. For those of us that think only in zang/fu terms we can be quickly be lead astray. This is not the heat of floating yang due to yin deficiency. It is a yang ming level heat in the stomach and chest that is without constipation. It is heat, but as it is only heat and not accompanied by constipation; it is therefore not considered to be excess.
So, what does the irritability of an extreme yin cold condition look like, other than an inability to sleep during the day? I suspect these patients have a fragility about them. One thing for sure, it will no doubt be a type of irritability that will respond favorably to Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata (zhì fù zî), which is interesting as that is not exactly the first herb most would consider in the treatment of irritability.
Finally there is an explanation about how the dried ginger and aconite treat cold fluids that are rebelling upward, or being forced downward. The tai yin warp is associated with the digestion, and these two herbs target the middle and warm it. Once again the author is emphasizing the involvement of the tai yin warp for this formula’s presentation.
This all may seem like a hall of mirrors, and it is if you don’t have a compass by which to steer. But like any system, the six warp, once you learn to make sense of the landscape, can bring a startling clarity to your clinical work.













